Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Linguistic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Phonetic - Assignment Example As a rule, things and pronouns play out the syntactic elements of subject. Along these lines, things and pronouns ought to show up toward the start of a sentence (Lyons, 75). Once more, similar principles apply to the utilization of descriptive words, since modifiers or descriptive expressions may likewise play out the linguistic capacity of a subject. Along these lines, it is practical to have a relational word or a prepositional expression coming after the descriptive expression working as the subject. It is consequently that the sentence underneath might be right. The opposite of the previous is additionally evident that as a rule, content words don't just fill in as the subject, yet in addition as the item. Since the item shows up at a definitive situation of a functioning sentence, it is sound that a sentence is finished with a thing, a pronoun or a modifier. Thus, it might be linguistically right to state: In an alternate frequency, Winston Churchill’s sentence: This is something up with which I won't put isn't right since it parts the to-infinitive. Relational words are constantly joined with action words to shape the to-infinitive. Thusly, parting the to-infinitive may make understanding the sentence troublesome on the grounds that it disregards the short-reliance that the to-infinitive set up ought to

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Mariano Azuela’s novel “Los de Abajo” Essay

Mariano Azuela’s epic â€Å"Los de Abajo†, titled â€Å"The Underdogs† by Enrique Munguã ­a Jr., in his English interpretation, has been hailed as the novel of the Mexican insurgency. In this novel Azuela makes characters illustrative of the two groups that are at change, the progressives and the federalists. The epic is isolated into three sections and each part partitioned into sections, the initial segment being the longest and the third being the briefest. Enrique Munguã ­a’s interpretation is around 140 pages long and many have noticed that this novel is one of Azuela’s most brief. The tale is, in any case, very engaging and it keeps up the readers’ consideration all through. For anybody inspired by a genuine investigation of Mexican history, this is a fundamental novel to peruse as it gives a point of view into the social parts of the upheaval that couple of reading material can catch. The book has recorded noteworthiness in light of the fact that it gives a depiction of the Mexican upset from the point of view of individuals who were legitimately influenced by and associated with the progressive procedure. Actually the title of the novel in Spanish â€Å"Los de Abajo† means mean those from or at the base. This I accept is an extremely fitting title and in itself catches Azuela’s essential contention that he keeps up all through the novel. The progressives and the federalists are continually compared against one another in the novel yet Azuela, through the eyes of Luis Cervantes, permits the peruser to see that the two gatherings are not excessively disparate. The two groups show doubt, foul play, moral debauchery and murder so hardheartedly that it is no big surprise that the expressions of the title â€Å"Los de Abajo† is utilized in the novel to allude to both the renegades and the federalists. Right off the bat in Part I section three when Demetrio drove his men into the principal trap of the administration troops he trains his men to â€Å"Get those coming up from under! Los de Abajo! Get the underdogs!† be shouted. Later on in part 6 the storyteller reflects of Luis Cervantes, on the principal night of his joining the progressives, that â€Å"Did not the sufferings of the dark horses, of the excluded masses, move him to the core?†¦ the oppressed, the beaten and baffled.† The occasions in the novel mirror the Mexican unrest of 1910. The primary plot of the story is that of a laborer rancher, Demetrio Macias who, in the wake of having endured because of the federalists, chooses to join Pancho Villa’s progressive armed force. A deserter of the administration armed force, Luis Cervantes †world class and instructed, joins Demetrio’s troop due to his help of the standards he accepted the progressives embraced. Azuela, in any case, utilizes this character as his mouthpiece and, in his bafflement that the progressives were not battling dependent on belief systems; the peruser gets a comprehension of Azuela’s point of view. He, similar to Cervantes, deserted the battle and relocated to the United States in the wake of having worked alongside Pancho Villa as a military specialist accepting his beliefs to have been sold out. One of the fundamental exercises that Azuela conveys here is pertinent in such a significant number of everyday issues. His significant contention in introducing his novel is that without reason, center, arranging and appropriate administration, even the most beneficial endeavors will end up being vain. The best part of Azuela’s tale is that it was composed while the battles in the transformation were all the while going on. Starting in 1914 the novel started to be distributed as an arrangement in a Texas paper in portions however it was not until 1925 that it started to increase overall consideration. This epic subtleties the fights in the Mexican transformation from the point of view of the creator who himself was an observer of these very occasions. Before moving to Texas, Azuela bolstered the progressive development by offering his clinical administrations to Pancho Villa’s armed force. In such a position he was presented to the ills of the progressive fight, all the more so from the point of view of the progressives. Azuela was along these lines in a fitting situation to talk about the Mexican upheaval since he also had been personally associated with the procedure. In any case, while this novel bears importance to the topics that were confronting the Mexicans when they were generally engaged with the insurgency, it neglects to give a total image of the progressive procedure. The issue with the novel is exactly on the grounds that it was composed so near the genuine occasions. This keeps the peruser from having an absolute picture of the ‘before’, the ‘during’ and the ‘after’ of the upheaval. Similarly that Demetrio’s eyes remain ‘leveled in an everlasting glance’ toward the finish of the novel, so does the fight between the progressives and the federalists give the feeling that it will last unceasingly without goals or triumph for either side. The tone of Azuela’s epic in this manner appears to be by and large extremely skeptical. Disappointment and fate is the main result of the progressive battle and nobody is by all accounts winning. Azuela’s end here is by all accounts rather summed up. Writers who have expounded on the upheaval ensuing to Azuela have had the advantage of seeing the drawn out aftereffects of the battle which uncovered substantially more constructive outcomes than what were promptly clear while the battles were all the while going on. REFERENCES Azuela, Mariano (1963). The Underdogs (Enrique Munguã ­a Jr. Trans.). The U.S.A.: Penguin Group. (Unique work distributed 1916).

Friday, August 21, 2020

Like Water For Chocolate as a Fantasy Love Story :: Like Water for Chocolate

Like Water For Chocolate  as a Fantasyâ Love Story  Like Water For Chocolate is a dream type romantic tale. It shows a great deal family life in Mexico, the nation where it occurred. The proprietor of the De la Garza farm where the family lived was Mama Elena, who brought up three girls all alone on the grounds that her better half had passed on. Tita, the most youthful little girl and fundamental character, was the most youthful of the three and a brilliant cook. Tita was the storyteller's incredible auntie, so the story occurred in the prior piece of the twentieth century. Tita went through the vast majority of her time on earth in the kitchen assembling stunning plans for breakfast, lunch, and supper, with the assistance from Nacha, the cook.   One day, Tita began to look all starry eyed at a youngster named Pedro. Pedro and his dad went to the farm to inquire as to whether Pedro could request Tita's hand, yet the standards in their family were that the most youthful little girl would never get hitched. As indicated by convention, Tita would need to remain at home and deal with her mom until the day her mom kicked the bucket. This broke Tita and Pedro's hearts. Mom Elena revealed to Pedro he could wed Tita's sister, Rosaura however, and he did to make sure he could be nearer to Tita. He never felt any affection for Rosaura.   Meanwhile, Tita remained at home regular, cooking and feeling discouraged, and Mama Elena didn't make things any better. She constantly shouted at Tita, and made Tita thoroughly take care of her. Tita could barely even converse with Pedro either in light of the fact that Mama Elena was continually watching, and would shout at them each time they talked. Afterward, Pedro moved away with Rosaura and her other sister, Gertrudis, had fled with some man, and later turned into a whore. Nacha kicked the bucket, leaving just Mama Elena, Tita, and Chencha, the worker, left on the farm. At some point, Tita went crazy on account of her excessively exacting mother, so her mom sent her with Dr. Earthy colored, so he could take her to a psychological foundation. He was so infatuated with Tita that he never took her there. He dealt with her in his home and they later wanted to get hitched. At that point, when he was gone on a little excursion, Tita and Pedro got together, and reunited. When Dr. Earthy colored returned, Tita revealed to him the report about her and Pedro, and he advised her to choose who she needed.

Sunday, May 31, 2020

Tax Liability in a Mutual Concern - Free Essay Example

Tax Liability in a Mutual Concern TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CASES RESEARCH QUESTION INTRODUCTION BASIS FOR EXCEPTION FOR THE INCOME APPLICABILITY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF MUTUALITY BIBLIOGRAPHY TABLE OF CASES Chemsford Club v CIT (2000) 243 ITR 89 (SC)..7 CIT v Apsara Co-op Housing Society Ltd. (1993) 204 ITR 662 (Cal).9 CIT v Bankipur Club Ltd. (1997) 226 ITR 97 (SC)6 CIT v Darjeeling Club Ltd. (1985) 153 ITR 676..7 CIT v Delhi Gymkhana Club Ltd. (1985) 155 ITR 373 (Del)7 CIT v Delhi Gymkhana Club Lts. (2011) 53 DTR 330 (Del)7 CIT v Escorts Dealer Development Association Ltd. (2002) 253 ITR 305 (PH)..5 CIT v Madras Race Club (1976) 105 ITR 433 (Mad).4 CIT v Royal Western India Turf Club Ltd (1953) 24 ITR 551 (SC)..5 CIT v Shree Jari Merchants Association (1977) 106 ITR 542 (Guj.5 CIT v West Godavari District Rice Millersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Association (1984) 150 ITR 394 (AP).9 Director of Income-tax v All India Oriental Bank of Commerce Welfare Society (2003) 130 Taxman 573 (Del) 9 General Family Pension Fund v CIT (1946) 14 ITR 488 (Cal).3 ITO v Mumbai Hindi Shikshak Sayahak Nidhi (1985) 22 TTJ (Bom) 1339 Ludhiana Aggarwal Co-operative House Building Society Ltd v ITO (1995) 55 ITD 423 (Chd).9 Madras Gymkhana Club v DCIT (2009) 183 Taxman 333 (Mad)7 Mittal Court Premises Co-operative Society Ltd. v ITO (2009) 184 Taxmman 292 (Bom)..9 Mittal Court Premises Co-operative Society Ltd. v ITO (2010) 320 ITR 414 (Bom)9 Rajpath Club Ltd. v CIT (1995) 211 ITR 379 (Guj)..7 SIND Co-op Housing Society v ITO Pune (2009) 182 Taxman 346 (Bom)9 RESEARCH QUESTION Is there any commerciality involved? What would constitute complete identity between the contributor and the participator? Whether the benefit is available to the non-mutual income? INTRODUCTION A person cannot trade or earn income from himself. Even though, people can carry on trade or business with themselves but the resulting surpus from these operations is not a profit from a trade for the purpose of income-tax. Conversely, the true proposition is not that a man cannot make a profit out of himself, but that he cannot trade with himself. Whichever way the matter is looked at, the ultimate result is that where persons engage themselves in mutual activities and there remains an excess of receipts over expenses, such excess is not taxable and is to be regarded as merely a surpus having no revenue quality. The surpus arising from an ordinary mutual activity would not lead to a resultant profit profit, because each pays originally according to an estimate of the amount which would be required for the common purposes. If his contribution proves to be insufficient, he makes good the deficiency. If on the other hand, it is found that it exceeds what is ultimately required, t he excess will have to be returned in the shape of dividends, or creation of a reserve against depreciation or a reserve for a building fund, etc. such excess can from no point of view be regarded as profits or gains. Mutual dealings arise out of a mutual association. To constitute a mutual association, a number of persons associate together to subscribe money for a fund for the purpose of its being spent upon a particular object, and the balance, if any, being returned to the subscribers and proportionately distributed among them. This balance is that part of the fund which is not absorbed by the particular object of the subscriptions. Those transactions are mutual dealings and the unrequited balance is the surpus. This surpus is not assessable to income-tax since it arises out of the mutual dealings.[1] No person can trade with himself and make an assessable profit. If, instead of one person, more than one combines themselves into a distinct and separate legal entity for ren dering services to themselves by only charging themselves, the resulting surpus is not assessable to tax.[2] BASIS FOR EXCEPTION FOR THE INCOME The following are the basis for exemption of the income: Common identity of contributors and participators, The treatment of the assessee, though incorporated, as a mere entity for the convenience of the members, and The impossibility of the contributors deriving profit from the contribution made by themselves to a fund which could only be expended or returned to themselves. Common identity of contributors and participators The essential condition, for considering an assessee to be a mutual concern, is that there should be an identity between the contributors and the participants. Income taxable if there is no complete identity between the contributors and participators in the common fund: the essence of mutuality lies in the return of what one has contributed to a common fund, and, unless there is complete identity between the contributors and the participators in a common fund, the principle of mutuality would not be attracted. If some of the contributors to the common funds are not participators in the surpus or if some of the participators in the surpus are not contributors to the common fund, the profits of the association would be assessable to tax. However, the criterion that the contributors to the common fund and participators in the surpus must be an identical body does not mean that each member should participate in the surpus or get back from the surpus precisely what he has paid. Wh at is required is that the members as a class should contribute to the common fund and as a class they must be able to participate in the surpus.[3] 2. The treatment of the assessee, though incorporated, as a mere entity for the convenience of the members If there is a common identity of contributors and participators, the particular form which the association takes is immaterial. Incorporation as a company or as a registered society is a convenient medium for enabling the members to conduct a mutual concern. The property of the incorporated company or registered society, for all practical purposes, in the case of a mutual enterprise, is considered as the property of the members. The incorporation of any company to carry on the activities of a club does not result in the deprivation of the admissibility of the claim for exemption based on the concept of mutuality.[4] A company does not rule out inference of mutuality, but the benefit of mutuality could be denied not b ecause of an incorporated company, but because of the dealings of the company with non-members, if the dealing with members could be isolated and made the subject separate deduction.[5] Even a company assessee can claim exemption on the basis of mutuality principle where is memorandum and articles of association provided that the funds of the company should be utilized solely for the promotion of its objects and that no portion of the income or property shall be paid or transferred directly or indirectly, by way of dividends, bonus to any member or former member.[6] The impossibility of the contributors deriving profit from the contribution made by themselves to the fund which could only be expended or returned to themselves. A mutual association is an association of persons who agree to contribute funds for some common purpose mutually beneficial and receive back the surpus left out of these funds in the same capacity in which they have made the contributions. This capacity as contributors and recipients remains the same. They contribute not with an idea to trade but with an idea of rendering mutual help. They receive back the surpus, which is left after meeting the expenditure which they have incurred for this common purpose, in the same capacity in which they have contributed. Thus, they receive back what was already their own. The receipt which thus comes in their hands, in their hands, is not profit, because no man can make profit out of himself, just as he cannot trade with himself.[7] The participation in the surpus need not be immediate as soon as the surpus is discerned, but may be on the winding up or dissolution, the surpus for the time being carried to a reserve. The surpus may be hand ed back, it may be kept for some future contingency; the test is whether it is the membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ money. APPLICABILITY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF MUTUALITY The principle of mutuality which is true in the case of an individual is equally true in respect of bodies of individuals, such as (A) a membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ club (B) a co-operative society (C) a mutual benefit fund (D) a thrift fund or (F) a pooling association. Membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Club à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ club are without doubt, percent mutual associations. They are co-operative bodies whereby the members raise funds by way entrance fees and periodical subscriptions in order to provide themselves with social sporting or similar other amenities. One among the popular activities of such a club is the providing of refreshment to the members for a charge to cover the cost of preparation, overheads and service. If such refreshments be served to non-members, it would only be on the basis of such non-members being guests of the member who pays for himself and hiss guest. Another popular activity of a club is the providing of residential rooms to non-resident members and mofussil members and supply them with board for a charge to cover the rent of the rooms and the cost of the food and overhead. Amenities are also provided for sports, such as billiards, tennis, golf or cards, at a charge to compensate the maintenance of the tennis-court, or golf-course, or the cost of the playing of cards or the wear and tear of the billiard table. The above are all activities of any social club and there is no element of buying and selling in the providing of these amenities for a certain fee. It is a fallacy to say that where a member of a club orders for dinner and consumes it, there is any sale of them. The Supreme Court in the case of CIT v Bankipur Club Ltd.[8] has held that the receipt for various facilities extended by the club to members as part of the usual privileges, advantages and convenience, attached to the membership of the club, could not be said to be a trading activity. The surpus of excess of receipts over the expenditure as a result of mutual arrangement could not be said to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Incomeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for the purpose of Income-tax Act. The fact that the members are also allowed to entertain their guest hall not be considered to be a disqualification.[9] The fact that there is some diversion to non-members as it happened when some of the rooms were let out to non-members need not vitiate the principle of mutuality as long as there is substantial compliance with the principle.[10] It may be pointed out that if the amount involved is substantial, the decision could have been otherwise. Where the business of the assesses was governed by doctrine of mutuality, not only the srplus from the activity of the club but even the annual value of the club house would be outside the purview of the levy of income-tax.[11] Interest income of a sports club derived from deposits with the bank is not exempt on the ground of mutuality.[12] Investment of surpus fund with some of member banks and other institutions in form of fixed deposit and securities which, in turn resulted in earning of huge interest could not be held to satisfy mutuality concept and, therefore, such interest income was liable to be taxed.[13] Assessee company is running a recreation club for its members the income earned from the members is exempt on the principle of mutuality. Income of the club from FDRà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s in banks and Government securities, dividend income and profit on sale of investment is also covered by the doctrine of mutuality and is not taxable.[14] Co-operative Societies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A co-operative society is defined in section 2(19)[15] as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a co-operative society registered under the CO-operative Societies Act, 1912 or under any other law for the time being n force in any state for the registration of co-operative societiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Turning to the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912, some of its important provisions may be noticed: Section 4 of the said Act provides that a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" society which has its object the promotion of the economic interest of its member in accordance with co-operative principles (emphasis supplied), or a society established with the object of facilitating the operations of such a society, may be registered under this Actà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Section 29(1) further provides thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a registered societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ shall not make a loan to any person other than a member provided that with the general or special sanction of the Registrar, a registered society may make loans to another registered societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Section 30 restricts the powers of the society in respect of its receiving any deposits or loans from persons who are not members of the society. Section 31 restricts the transactions of the societies with non-members Finally, section 33 provides that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“no part of the funds of a registered society shall be divided by way of bonus or dividend or otherwise among its members; provided that after at least one-fourth of the net profits in any year have been carried to a reserve fund, payments from the remainder of such profits and from any profits of past years available for distribution may be made among the members of such extent and under such conditions as may be prescribed by rules.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Section 34 further enacts that out of the balance left under section 33, an amount not exceeding ten percent thereof may be contributed to a charitable purpose with the sanction of the Registrar. The above provisions show that a co-operative society is a mutual society and, on mutual principles, would not be earning any income in the eye of law. Transfer fee received by a co-operative housing society is not assessable since the co-operative housing society is a mutual concern and the persons became members of the society before they were entitled to get the flat transferred in their names or were liable to pay the transfer fees. There is an element of mutuality in respect of the transfer fees and therefore the same are not taxable.[16] Transfer fee received by a co-operative housing society whether from outgoing or from incoming members is not liable to tax on the ground of principle of mutuality where predominant activity of such co-operative society is maintenance of proper ty of society.[17] Transfer fee and non-occupancy charges received by assessee are not taxable in the hands of the asssessee as being governed by principle of mutuality.[18] Where a co-operative housing society collects contributions from members for an amenity fund for repairs, besides collecting contributions for a welfare fund from new members in pursuance of bye-laws framed under the Maharashtra Co-operative Societies Act, there was no violation of the mutuality principle because of these collections. Further the collection of non-occupation charges would also have similar character.[19] Polling Associations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Pooling associations are formed to maintain prices, to open up markets for goods, or to demarcate areas for trade operations. The activities of such associations cannot be said to bring any profit which can be taxed under the Income-tax Act. An association of traders collecting subscriptions or donations from its members for construction of a building will be mutual concern although its memorandum may enable its assets to be given to association with allied objects in the event of its dissolution.[20] Exceptions to the above rule: The aforesaid general observation that mutual activities of a mutual concern do not return taxable income is, however, subject to the following four exceptions expressly provided in the Act: Income accruing to a life and non-life mutual insurance concern from the business of such insurance is liable to tax.[21] Income derived by a trade, professional or similar association from specific services performed for its members is chareable to tax.[22] Income of insurance business carried on by a co-operative society is taxable in all cases (even if it is a mutual concern) and is to be computed in accordance with the rules in the First Schedule.[23] The profits and gains of any business of banking (including providing credit facilities) carried on by a co-operative society with its members.[24] BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Dr Girish Ahuja Dr. Ravi Gupta, Direct Taxes, (29th ed., 2014) M K Pithisaria Mukesh Pithisaria, Chaturvedi Pithisaria Landmark Judgments on income Tax, 1st ed, 2014, 3. Arvind P Datar, Kanga Palkhivala The law and practice of Income Tax, 10th ed 2014 4. A. N Aiyers, Indian Tax laws, 49th ed, 2012. 5. Vinod k. Singhania kapil singhania, Direct Taxes and Law Practices, 52th ed, 2014 [1] General Family Pension Fund v CIT (1946) 14 ITR 488 (Cal). [2] CIT v Merchant Navy Club (1974) 96 ITR 261 (AP). [3] CIT v Merchant Navy Club (1974) 96 ITR 261 (AP). [4] CIT v Madras Race Club (1976) 105 ITR 433 (Mad). [5] CIT v Royal Western India Turf Club Ltd (1953) 24 ITR 551 (SC). [6] CIT v Escorts Dealer Development Association Ltd. (2002) 253 ITR 305 (PH). [7] CIT v Shree Jari Merchants Association (1977) 106 ITR 542 (Guj). [8] CIT v Bankipur Club Ltd. (1997) 226 ITR 97 (SC). [9] CIT v Darjeeling Club Ltd. (1985) 153 ITR 676. [10] CIT v Delhi Gymkhana Club Ltd. (1985) 155 ITR 373 (Del). [11] Chemsford Club v CIT (2000) 243 ITR 89 (SC). [12] Rajpath Club Ltd. v CIT (1995) 211 ITR 379 (Guj). [13] Madras Gymkhana Club v DCIT (2009) 183 Taxman 333 (Mad). [14] CIT v Delhi Gymkhana Club Lts. (2011) 53 DTR 330 (Del). [15] Income-tax Act, 1961, section 2(19). [16] CIT v Apsara Co-op Housing Society Ltd. (1993) 204 ITR 662 (Cal). See also Director of Income-tax v All India Oriental Bank of Commerce Welfare Society (2003) 130 Taxman 573 (Del); Ludhiana Aggarwal Co-operative House Building Society Ltd v ITO (1995) 55 ITD 423 (Chd); ITO v Mumbai Hindi Shikshak Sayahak Nidhi (1985) 22 TTJ (Bom) 133. [17] SIND Co-op Housing Society v ITO Pune (2009) 182 Taxman 346 (Bom). [18] Mittal Court Premises Co-operative Society Ltd. v ITO (2009) 184 Taxmman 292 (Bom). [19] Mittal Court Premises Co-operative Society Ltd. v ITO (2010) 320 ITR 414 (Bom). [20] CIT v West Godavari District Rice Millersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Association (1984) 150 ITR 394 (AP). [21] Income-tax Act, 1961, section 2(24)(vii). [22] Income-tax Act, 1961, section 2(24)(v) and section 28(iii). [23] Income-tax Act, 1961, section 2(24) (vii). [24] Income-tax Act, 1961, section 2(24)(viia).

Saturday, May 16, 2020

Karl Doenitz - Bio of World War II German Naval Commander

The son of Emil and Anna Doenitz, Karl Doenitz was born at Berlin on September 16, 1891. Following his education, he enlisted as a sea cadet in the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy) April 4, 1910, and was promoted to midshipman a year later. A gifted officer, he completed his exams and was commissioned as an acting second lieutenant on September 23, 1913. Assigned to the light cruiser SMS Breslau, Doenitz saw service in the Mediterranean in the years prior to World War I. The ships assignment was due to Germanys desire to have a presence in the region following the Balkan Wars. World War I With the commencement of hostilities in August 1914, Breslau and the battlecruiser SMS Goeben were ordered to attack Allied shipping. Prevented from doing so by French and British warships, the German vessels, under the command of Rear Admiral Wilhelm Anton Souchon, bombarded the French Algerian ports of Bà ´ne and Philippeville before turning for Messina to re-coal. Departing port, the German ships were chased across the Mediterranean by Allied forces. Entering the Dardanelles on August 10, both ships were transferred to the Ottoman Navy, however their German crews remained aboard. Over the next two years, Doenitz served aboard as the cruiser, now know as  Midilli, operated against the Russians in the Black Sea. Promoted to first lieutenant in March 1916, he was placed in command of an airfield at the Dardanelles. Bored in this assignment, he requested a transfer to the submarine service which was granted that October. U-boats Assigned as a watch officer aboard U-39, Doenitz learned his new trade before receiving command of UC-25 in February 1918. That September, Doenitz returned to the Mediterranean as commander of UB-68. A month into his new command, Doenitzs u-boat suffered mechanical issues and was attacked and sunk by British warships near Malta. Escaping, he was rescued and became a prisoner for the wars final months. Taken to Britain, Doenitz was held in a camp near Sheffield. Repatriated in July 1919, he returned to Germany the following year and sought to resume his naval career. Entering the Weimar Republics navy, he was made a lieutenant on January 21, 1921. Interwar Years Shifting to torpedo boats, Doenitz progressed through the ranks and was promoted to lieutenant commander in 1928. Made a commander five years later, Doenitz was placed in command of the cruiser Emden. A training ship for naval cadets, Emden conducted annual world cruises. Following the re-introduction of u-boats to the German fleet, Doenitz was promoted to captain and given command of the 1st U-boat Flotilla in September 1935 which consisted of U-7, U-8, and U-9. Though initially concerned about the capabilities of early British sonar systems, such as ASDIC, Doenitz became a leading advocate for submarine warfare. New Strategies and Tactics In 1937, Doenitz began to resist the naval thinking of the time which was based on the fleet theories of American theorist Alfred Thayer Mahan. Rather than employ submarines in support of the battle fleet, he advocated for using them in a purely commerce raiding role. As such, Doenitz lobbied to convert the entire German fleet to submarines as he believed that a campaign dedicated to sinking merchant ships could quickly knock Britain out of any future wars. Re-introducing the group hunting, wolf pack tactics of World War I as well as calling for night, surface attacks on convoys, Doenitz believed that advances in radio and cryptography would make these methods more effective than in the past. He relentlessly trained his crews knowing that u-boats would be Germanys principal naval weapon in any future conflict. His views frequently brought him into conflict with other German naval leaders, such as Admiral Erich Raeder, who believed in the expansion of the Kriegsmarines surface fleet. World War II Begins Promoted to commodore and given command of all German u-boats on January 28, 1939, Doenitz began to prepare for war as tensions with Britain and France increased. With the outbreak of World War II that September, Doenitz possessed only 57 u-boats, only 22 of which were modern Type VIIs. Prevented from fully launching his commerce raiding campaign by Raeder and Hitler, who desired attacks against the Royal Navy, Doenitz was forced to comply. While his submarines scored successes in sinking the carrier HMS Courageous and the battleships HMS Royal Oak and HMS Barham, as well as damaging the battleship HMS Nelson, losses were incurred as naval targets were more heavily defended. These further reduced his already small fleet. Battle of the Atlantic Promoted to rear admiral on October 1, his u-boats continued attacks on British naval and merchant targets. Made a vice admiral in September 1940, Doenitzs fleet began to expand with the arrival of larger numbers of Type VIIs. Focusing his efforts against merchant traffic, his u-boats began to damage the British economy. Coordinating u-boats by radio using encoded messages, Doenitzs crews sank increasing amounts of Allied tonnage. With the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941, he commenced Operation Drumbeat which targeted Allied shipping off the East Coast. Beginning with only nine u-boats, the operation scored several successes and exposed the US Navys unpreparedness for anti-submarine warfare. Through 1942, as more u-boats joined the fleet, Doenitz was able to fully implement his wolf pack tactics by directing groups of submarines against Allied convoys. Inflicting heavy casualties, the attacks caused a crisis for the Allies. As British and American technology improved in 1943, they began to have more success in combating Doenitzs u-boats. As a result, he continued to press for new submarine technology and more advanced u-boat designs. Grand Admiral Promoted to grand admiral on January 30, 1943, Doenitz replaced Raeder as command-in-chief of the Kriegsmarine. With limited surface units remaining, he relied on them as a fleet in being to distract the Allies while focusing on submarine warfare. During his tenure, German designers produced some of the most advanced submarine designs of the war including the Type XXI. Despite spurts of success, as the war progressed, Doenitzs u-boats were slowly driven from the Atlantic as the Allies utilized sonar and other technology, as well as Ultra radio intercepts, to hunt down and sink them. Leader of Germany With the Soviets nearing Berlin, Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945. In his will he ordered that Doenitz replace him as the leader of Germany with the title of president. A surprise choice, it is thought that Doenitz was selected as Hitler believed that the only the navy had remained loyal to him. Though Joseph Goebbels was designated to be his chancellor, he committed suicide the next day. On May 1, Doenitz selected Count Ludwig Schwerin von Krosigk as chancellor and attempted to form a government. Headquartered at Flensburg, near the Danish border, Doenitzs government worked to ensure the loyalty of the army and encouraged German troops to surrender to the Americans and British rather than the Soviets. Authorizing German forces in northwestern Europe to surrender on May 4, Doenitz instructed Colonel General Alfred Jodl to sign the instrument of unconditional surrender on May 7. Not recognized by the Allies, his government ceased to rule after the surrender and was captured at Flensburg on May 23. Arrested, Doenitz was seen to be a strong supporter of Nazism and Hitler. As a result he was indicted as a major war criminal and was tried at Nuremberg. Final Years There Doenitz was accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, largely relating to the use of unrestricted submarine warfare and issuing orders to ignore survivors in the water. Found guilty on charges of planning and waging a war of aggression and crimes against the laws of war, he was spared the death sentence as American Admiral Chester W. Nimitz provided an affidavit in support of unrestricted submarine warfare (which had been used against the Japanese in the Pacific) and due to the British use of a similar policy in the  Skagerrak. As a result, Doenitz was sentenced to ten years in prison. Incarcerated at Spandau Prison, he was released on October 1, 1956. Retiring to Aumà ¼hle in northern West Germany, he focused on writing his memoirs in entitled Ten Years and Twenty Days. He remained in retirement until his death on December 24, 1980.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Essay on Put An End to Cyber-Bullying - 1084 Words

â€Å"Did you know, Bullying victims are 2 to 9 times more likely to consider committing suicide?† (DoSomething.org). Many children and teenagers in today’s society are not only faced with being bullied at school, but they deal with it online at home as well. Social media sites, where children are supposed to be able to express themselves and not be victimized, are a growing statistic of where bullying is taking place (Foxman, Abraham, and Silverman). With more and more children each and every day gaining access to the internet; from blogs to Facebook even Email; these sources are making it easier for bullies to harass their victims. Am I saying we should do away with all of these sites and communication sources? No! I, myself use them, but†¦show more content†¦If we can resolve the issues with cyber-bullying, it will make the internet a better place for people on there with the right intentions. We can monitor activity without invading privacy; you don’ t have to go through a person’s entire space to see if they are bullying someone. This is not the only argument against these laws though; many people feel that these laws impose on their First Amendment Rights. The First Amendment of our Constitution states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of...or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (www.archives.gov). Many times before, the government has made changes to these amendments through Article V of the Constitution of the United States. In my opinion, creating a law against bullying is not going to take away your Freedom of Speech; it would be a law to protect the victims of your decisions. This action should not be seen as a restriction on your abusive behavior, but as a way to help and shelter the victims of bullying. If now you are offended by these laws coming into place, you should have thought of your previous actions that caused them to be made. We have to protect the youth of our current generation and those in the upcoming generations by passing and placing these laws in effect. It shouldn’t matter if you feel it restricts your fr eedom of speech, it is not taking it away, maybeShow MoreRelatedCriminalization of Cyberbullying1026 Words   |  5 Pageseffects of cyber bullying are becoming a growing problem, the criminalization of cyber bullying is needed to prevent its harmful repercussions to the United States and serve as a deterrent. Cyber bullying has become the 21st century version of bullying; it has extended beyond the classroom and onto a virtual world that seems to have no real-life effects. The world is now able to bully someone in the comfort of his or her own home, at any given point, with the use of technology. 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No matter how this problem comes about or what process individuals go through to get to this point, it is an irresponsible yet dangerous form of action. Bullying in any form can cause harm to the victim, even death. Making a choice to be a bully is like that of building a bad character for one’s self. Definition CentersRead MoreIs Bullying A Serious Problem?1683 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of the Problem Bullying has been an ongoing problem all over the world for as long as people can remember. Bullying by definition is, to use superior strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. Bullying is a very serious problem, victims of bullying are more prone to depression. Bullying does not affect just one group, it can happen to anyone making it a prevalent threat to all of society. Approximately 160,000 teens skip school everyRead MoreCyber Medi The Virtual War1094 Words   |  5 PagesCyber-bulling: The Virtual War Bullying is a term that most of us recognize. We have either experienced it first hand or been a witness to it. Due to the precedent of today’s technology and the high speed Internet, bullying has evolved into a virtual war zone and the casualties, unfortunately are our youths. As stated by Cross, Dooley, and Pyzalski (2009) cyber-bullying by definition is â€Å"an aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedlyRead MoreThe Necessity of Anti Bullying Laws1381 Words   |  6 PagesBullying can lead to many unwanted, harmful consequences for both the t victim and tbe perpetrator. There are many actions that are considered bullying as well as many different types of bullying, yet bullying laws already in place seem to be only consider specific types of bullying. If more thorough laws were put into place, instances of bullying would decrease to some degree. Therefore, the state or federal government should put bul lying prevention laws into place. Bullying can take place inRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects On Its Victims1651 Words   |  7 Pagestechnological advances that are creating, changing and shifting the individuals who live in it, especially cyber bullying. With the rise in the use of technology, digital culture and anonymity, cyber bullying has become a prominent issue that can have negative psychological effects on its victims through the power of these technological advances. This new 21st century term is derived from standard physical bullying has become a prominent and revolving issue as cellphone, texting and social media sites take away

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Porters 5 Forces of Age Advantage free essay sample

As it has been mentioned before in the external analysis, staffing difficulties is one of the issues threatening the aged care service company. The issue of labor shortages then limits the ability of Age Advantage to recruit key people and add up the bargaining power of suppliers who provide workers for aged care service. As labor costs represent the largest fixed costs for aged care service providers, this can be considered as a threat for the business. 2. Bargaining power of buyer. Based on our research, there is a fair level of choice and options regarding age care service providers in Malaysia resulting in medium level of bargaining power of buyer. However, it is assumed not to be a significant problem for Age Advantage. As with our unique age in place service, we believe that we have a higher degree of competitive advantage compared to other aged care service providers existing in Malaysia. We will write a custom essay sample on Porters 5 Forces of Age Advantage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Threat of substitutes – LOW The threat of the development of robotics for assisting with health care and aged care can be said as embryonic at the moment as it faces cost and price barriers as well as low social acceptance. Also, the existence of aged home can be said as not hazardous with the trend of ageing people preferring to receive service at home rather than residing in aged care facilities. Hence, the threat of substitutes for this business can be considered as low. 4. Threat of new entrants – LOW The low threat of new entrants is a result of high start-up costs for this kind of business as well as the length of the franchise agreement which could reach up to 10 years as people tend to avoid this kind of too-long-term contract. Besides, adequate training and well-trained labor force is essential for aged care service as this business deals with the life of people. Not forgetting as well the requirement of license approval from the government in order to enter the aged care service industry. As a result, it results in a high degree of entry barriers causing a low degree of threat of new entrants. 5. Intensity of rivalry –As it has been stated previously, there is only a fair level of choice and options regarding aged care service providers in Malaysia. Derived from the research we have done, age in place service is still rare in Malaysia as most aged care facilities have not provided a service of aged care at clients’ own homes. With the competitive advantage we own, it is believed that intensity of rivalry surrounding our business is low as the kind of service we provide is still considered one of a kind in Malaysia. 6. Complementary product We also add up a complementary product like insurance that when released pays the cost of aged care. Therefore, the insurer and their products become the complementor and the consumer gains additional value.

Friday, April 17, 2020

Marketing Cricket Communications Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"Unlimited talk. text. web and countrywide 3G informations. † ( Cricket Wireless. 2012 ) . Verizon. Sprint. and AT A ; T are all good known cell phone carries ; they all have been around for many old ages. Today. a new radio service has grown to the top of the charts. it is called Cricket Wireless. Even though they have merely been around 13 old ages. Cricket has expanded all over the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Cricket Communications Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This little radio company that started with selling in two provinces has now expands in over 35 provinces ( LEAP. 2012 ) . Leap Wireless International. Inc. was the name given to what is now known as Cricket Wireless. With merely 30 employees at that clip. they had a vision to supply low-cost radio service to clients all over. Leap was an international market and even though they stayed focal point on their primer market there was a new squad working on spread outing their merchandise into the United States. In 1989. Leap Cricket Wireless was born. Their first market was Chattanooga. Tennessee with an limitless service of talk for merely 30 dollars a month which was lunched March 17. 1999. In 2000. they expand into nine extra markets that conceit of Nashville. Knoxville. Memphis. Greensboro. Tulsa. Tucson. Charlotte. Small Rock and Salt Lake City. By 2002 they had thirty- four extra markets. Leap Cricket Wireless was good over one million clients. although. a twelvemonth subsequently they would register voluntary request for alleviation under chapter 11 besides known as â€Å"reorganization† bankruptcy. This merely helped their company to go what is now known as Cricket Wireless. The metempsychosis of Leap occurred in 2004 but now as Cricket Wireless. New and fresh thoughts would come to the tabular array. Their services that started with limitless talk were now spread outing to text messaging. image messaging. and long distance. By 2006. Cricket Wireless had two million clients. With few old ages in the market they had reached a larger Numberss but they still lacked in some countries. Their rivals had a larger coverage country and services like nomadic web. Cricket made this possible in 2007 ; by conveying a 3g web to their clients. They besides added a new system for payments called bridge payment ; this would let their clients to put up an extension on their measure for a period of seven yearss. The span payment would be a payment of 17 dollars per line of service and after the seven twenty-four hours period their leftover balance would be due. Cricket now included a roaming program and a larger coverage country every bit good as their web expanded into other markets like: Oklahoma. Corpus Christi. Laredo. McAllen/Brownsville. Las Vegas. St. Luis. Savannah. and Milwaukee/Madison. Expanding to these new markets allowed cricket to make to over three million clients. As engineering advanced Cricket couldn’t stay behind and in 2010. the launched their first android the Sanyo Zio by Kyocera. Cricket was offering non merely cell phone service for station paid and prepaid but they besides had internet service. There broadband was a hit with program every bit low as 35 dollar they had unlimited cyberspace for their desktop or laptop. Cricket’s new true programs that included non merely more services for less money but the 26 per centum of revenue enhancements were removed and clients now merely paid the province revenue enhancement. This increased gross revenues but the clients still demanded more. Muve Music was introduced with a program of 65 dollars a month a client non merely had over a 1000 application to take from but limitless downloads of music. This downloads were available to you in lupus erythematosuss so twenty seconds and a whole album in less than two proceedingss. Cricket celebrates the over five million clients they now p rovide service for. The start of a new twelvemonth and as summer hits Cricket launches the most expected merchandise the iphone 4g and 4s. At a starting monetary value of $ 399 and $ 499 and a rate program like no other of lone 55 and with all its services unlimited. Cricket becomes the first prepaid service to offer the iphone. The Huawie Mercury as one of Crickets best phones on the market with an 8. 0 million. pel camera and a processor of 1. 4 GHz this android gets rated in American by the PC magazine as the best in the market. Cricket now service to over six million clients countrywide and with a small over a decennary functioning they have turning and raised to the top reasonably rapidly. This little company that started with international services is now one of Americans strongest rival when it comes to wireless services. With low rate programs and low-cost devices Cricket has claimed to the top. I have worked for a cricket trade for over four old ages and when I foremost stated they had few markets and a little assortment of devices to offer. I look back and think of how much this company has grown and the sum of clients that have switched their service over to Cricket. Working with some of the Cricket reps. I have seen all the difficult work and dedication that they have put into this company as they try and delight the client. Strengths that I see in this company are like the low-cost monetary values. limitless services. and great merchandises. Failings would be the big market and the great competition against like Boost Mobile. Virgin Mobile. Sprint. Verizon. At A ; t. and many more. Opportunities they have is to make out to those who are looking for a low low-cost service and menaces that doing it so low-cost lowers the sum of money that the company brings in really twelvemonth. Never the less. Crickets has shown that they have and can remain on top while offering the best monetary values. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. leapwireless. com/who-we-are/wireless-industry

Saturday, March 14, 2020

List of Persuasive Techniques to Win Any Debate

List of Persuasive Techniques to Win Any Debate Its happened to everyone. You got into a heated discussion with someone over a serious topic but left feeling like you had lost the argument. Even if you have sound ideas in your head, getting them across effectively takes skill and practice. Here are nine tips on persuading your opponent and winning that next debate. Be Informed It may seem obvious, but if you dont know a lot about the matter being discussed, youre not likely to make a strong case for your opinion. Its not enough to say, Movie X is ridiculous, or Book Y is stupid. If you cant offer facts to back up your statements, you will come across as nothing more than a bag of hot air. Be Confident Even if you have statistics and other hard facts to back up your opinion, they wont make an impression if you deliver them weakly. The moment you appear to be unsure of yourself, your opponent will move in for the kill, and once you lose your footing, you may not be able to recover from the blow. Even if youre arguing something thats blatantly wrong, delivering your message confidently may be enough to win at least some spectators over to your side. Be Open-Minded As the long-running TV show Criminal Minds asserts, To catch a killer, you have to think like one. Likewise, to argue effectively, you need to understand how your opponent thinks and why he or she believes strongly in their viewpoint. Understanding your opponents angle will help you be more respectful, and paradoxically, this will help you make more intelligent statements. If you think your opponent is being stupid or silly, youre less likely to get to the crux of the issue and win the argument. Be Logical If you havent yet taken a logic class, be sure to register for one during your college career. Youll learn invaluable skills that will serve you in your career and your personal life. In general, be sure not to contradict yourself. Refer back to your earlier statements, and be ready to point out fallacies in your opponents logic. Be Attentive A good argument is about what you say and what you hear. If youre not paying attention to what your opponent says, you may not come up with effective counterarguments. You could also miss key opportunities to break down your opponents case. While its tempting to think about what youre going to say next, remember that theres no timer in a real-life debate. Listen carefully. You can always take a few moments before responding. Be Inquisitive A good argument includes not only statements, but also questions. Think about how a trial lawyer questions witnesses in the courtroom to elicit desired information. Use well-timed and well-phrased questions to break down your opponents argument. Ask if the person has any facts to back up his or her claims. Ask hypothetical questions to illustrate a poor idea. You can also question your opponents motivation by saying things such as, Why are you so rigid about this issue? Be Reasonable If your opponent should happen to point out a flaw in your own argument, concede gracefully. Defending a glaring error will not help you win the overall argument. Rather, use the opportunity to make an Okay, but†¦ type of response. The balls in your court, so distract the opponent (and any audience) from the mistake and get things back on track. Be Focused Choose your battles. Focus on your stronger evidence, and eliminate the weaker. Its better to make fewer valid points than to make many dubious ones. If skilled, your opponent will quickly swoop down on your less effective statements and break down your argument. One or two solid points are difficult to pick apart. Be Provocative By that, we dont mean stripping down to your underwear during a debate- although that would certainly serve as a temporary distraction! Instead, you can find subtle ways to anger your opponent. Once that person loses his or her temper, he or she may lose their grip on their solid argument. As soon as they falter, you can take advantage of their weakness. Or your opponent may become so angry that he or she withdraws from the argument, which makes you appear to have won. Finally, try to stay calm yourself. Once you blow your top, your debating skills will become impaired, and your whole case may be derailed. Theres no reason to lose your temper, even if you outright lose an argument. Examine what went wrong so you can do your best to change the outcome next time around.

Wednesday, February 26, 2020

Performance Appraisals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Performance Appraisals - Essay Example She points out that many managersdo not pay much attention to filling appraisal forms something that has some negative effect on the morale of the employees who work under them (Quast, 2013). However, she points out the importance of managers paying much attention to performanceappraisal because it is part of their work. She goes ahead andgive seven tips that can help managers in making performanceappraisal more meaningful to their organizations or groups. The first tip is paying more attentive to the preparation process. Lack of proper preparation has often been pointed to as a major contributor to unsuccessful performance appraisal. Through preparation a manager can be able to know the exact message that they want to communicate to the employees. This means that performance appraisal should not be handled like just a one hour thing. The second tip that a manager can get from this article is always make considerations for the logistics of the discussion. For instance, a manger should hold performance appraisal in place that whatever is discussed will remain confidential. A small conference room will be highly ideal for this purpose. The third tip that Lisa givesis that managers should always make sure that they open the discussions with the agenda. This will help in putting the employees at ease. The four primary areas that a manager should make sure that the performance appraisal cover include: the current performance of the company; the past performance of the company; the goals and objectives of the company; and the company’s development plans. The forth tip is to encourage a two way discussion whereby all the participants will be allowed to contribute. Getting the employees’ point of view will make it easier for them to be included to the achievement of the company’s goals. The fifths tip encourages managers to give praises whenever there is any meaningful contribution by an employee (Murphy &

Monday, February 10, 2020

Should Stem cell research be federally funded Essay

Should Stem cell research be federally funded - Essay Example The potential contributions to treatment justify the claim for federal funding in order for stem cell research to achieve this potential. Funding for various specialized areas of stem cell research are required, including embryonic research, since development in one area affects progress in other areas. The difficulty in asserting this position is the lack of tangible treatment results to convince policymakers, legislators and the public to allocate federal funds for research advancement. On the other hand, those who oppose federal funding for stem cell research gravitate towards the argument that stem cell research involves the destruction of embryos, which have the potential for human life. Those who oppose federal funding for stem cell research do not denounce stem cell research in general but only stem cell research on human embryos. In effect, the federal government is participating in the destruction of life by funding stem cell research. With the two arguments grounded on very different belief systems, there appears to be no point of reconciliation for the two sides of the debate. The discussion describes stem cell research, the debate, the quest for federal funding, and political and legal trends, public opinion trends, and recommended solutions to support the response to the question: should stem cell research be federally funded? 2. ... These stem cells can be found in embryos at the early stage of development, fetal tissue and adult organs. Of these three sources, stem cells are more abundant and easier to isolate from embryos than from other sources, especially adult tissue. Moreover, reengineering stem cell is less feasible if these came from adult organs and more likely in stem cell from embryos. Stem cell research involves isolating and replicating stem cells from embryos and then reengineering stem cells to become any cell type. (â€Å"New Limits† 29) As such, progress in stem cell research for the purpose reengineering stem cells to become specific cell types would progress when working with embryonic samples. There are different kinds of stem cells depending on the degree of plasticity or variability in creating cell types. A totipotent stem cell is considered to have the greatest plasticity. A fertilized egg is a totipotent stem cell because it can create all human organs of a living organism. Totipo tent stem cells are used in fertility laboratories. During the initial stage of embryonic development, cell divisions lead to totipotent cells. Latter cell divisions give rise to more stem cells that are beginning to give rise to more specific cell types. (Biven 95; Wagner 8) A pluripotent stem cell emerges from the latter stages of cell division. An embryo has two layers, an outer layer that will form into the placenta and an inner layer called embryoblast that will form the human organism. The inner layer needs the outer layer to give rise to an organism. Pluripotent stem cell comprises of the inner layer of the embryo. By isolating the embryoblast, the potential to create an organism is eliminated, which comprises the foundation of ethical opposition to stem cell research.

Thursday, January 30, 2020

Outline the Ways in Which Rubbish Can Be Said to Have Value in a Consumer Society Essay Example for Free

Outline the Ways in Which Rubbish Can Be Said to Have Value in a Consumer Society Essay Shopping is an important part of the modern consumer lifestyle. It is enjoyed as a social activity and is about identity and expression as much as the usefulness of the purchase. People define themselves not only by their jobs, but also by their possessions and the things they own. Rubbish is only considered rubbish because people disvalue it. People want it to be invisible; once the rubbish goes out for collection, it can be forgotten. However, consumer society does value rubbish as value is personal and is never fixed. It can change over time and become re-valued again whether economically or aesthetically or both. This essay will look at the ways in which rubbish is valued in a consumer society by outlining consumption and the increase in rubbish, Bauman’s theory of the seduced and the repressed; Environmental Economic value and Thompson’s Rubbish Theory. Rubbish per household has increased over the years. Between 1957- 2006, household rubbish had risen by 28%. (Brown, 2009, p.107) This could be attributed to a rise in affluence and the availability of credit, which enables more people to participate in consumer society. Disposable income increases the likelihood of people spending on luxury goods rather than just the essentials. Other possible factors are the increase in mass consumption during that period; shops offer lower prices and more choice. People also eat more; use more services; and buy more clothes and white goods. 9% of total expenditure was spent on services in 1957, compared to 25% in 2006 (which includes personal goods; household and leisure services) (Brown, 2009, p.110) and data collected by the Office of National Statistics (ONS) (Hetherington, 2009, p.23) shows that the average household spends more on recreation and culture (luxuries) than non-alcohol and food (essentials). Although the data cannot take every circumstance into account, it does suggest that as people became more affluent over the years, the amount of money spent on luxuries increased and with affluence and choice people tend to dispose of items more readily then they would have 50 years ago. Consumers can feel pressured to keep up with the latest trends. The constant changes in fashion and technology encourage people to upgrade their goods before the lifespan of the existing item has expired. It gives them a sense of worth in society, as it helps them to fit into a certain lifestyle. The data supports Bauman’s theory (Hetherington, 2009, p.26) that being a part of consumer society helps people to establish identity and self expression. It also reflects a lifestyle that others might aspire to. He calls these people the seduced, as they have the means and the desire to consume effectively and are therefore valued in society. In contrast, the repressed, who may not be able to consume as effectively due to a lack of income, age or disability for example; can feel excluded from the consumer society. However, these categories are interchangeable and people can move between the two categories. The result of consumption is waste, and increased consumption equals an increase in rubbish. It could be argued that the seduced, being the more active consumers, are more likely to create the most rubbish, due to their greater consumer habits. Regardless of this, eventually all of the items, food and appliances that we consume end up as rubbish and it needs to be dealt with. Despite rubbish generally being viewed as negative, some people view it positively. There are people whose business is rubbish and therefore, it is of value to them economically, such as, restoration and re-sale or a large company profiting from its disposal. Rubbish collecting can also be a resourceful hobby. A discarded item from a skip or the dump can be salvaged or restored and made into an item of value again, whether it’s use value, aesthetic value or both. Environmentalists also value rubbish by pursuing a greener lifestyle. Recently, the Government has put more emphasis on environmental issues and it has made people more aware of the impact they are having on the planet. Although reducing consumption would be the obvious answer; in the meantime, reuse recycling schemes and fortnightly rubbish collections have encouraged people to consider the value of rubbish and the environment. The UK is still a poor performer when compared with other European countries and although there is still a long way to go, recycling has increased. Information provided by Defra, 2007 (Brown, 2009, p.117) shows that the percentage of total rubbish recycled has steadily increased. In 1983/4 the rate of rubbish recycled was 1% compared to 31% in 2006/7. Although the total amount of rubbish also increased during earlier years, as of 2003/4, the amount of rubbish began to decrease as the rate of recycling increased. Due to the increase in environmental awareness, rubbish has become valued by people who want to contribute to a greener, more environmentally friendly lifestyle. Being environmentally friendly has also become about identity and image, and it has become a positive social attribute. However, it is not just environmental issues that give rubbish value. The downturn in the economy has prompted people to re-use and re-sell their unwanted items instead of throwing them away. Mobile phones can be recycled for money and various unwanted items can be sold on with the aid of local newspapers and internet auction sites. While one person is disposing of their rubbish for profit, someone else is gaining something that they value. In Thompsons Rubbish Theory (Brown, 2009, p.122) he explains how some items considered as rubbish can evolve and gain value again. He suggests that some items can move from the transient category (items produced for use) via rubbish (items that become of little or zero value) into the durable category (where value increases over time) and be valued again. When an object moves from transient to durable its value first drops before it begins to rise again. Thompson’s example of this would be Stevengraphs (Brown, 2009, p.124). Thomas Stevens made a profitable business by selling his silkworks in the 1800’s, but by the mid twentieth century, they had become almost valueless. Over time the items became collector’s pieces and their value began to rise. This example shows that value is not fixed; an item can lose or gain value over time. Thompson suggests that one of the reasons for this rise and fall is because of supply and demand (Brown, 2009, p.126). From a collectors perspective, buying a Stevengraph when the supply was plentiful compared to the demand, meant that it could be purchased relatively cheaply. As the supply diminished over the years, the remaining pieces became rare and therefore more valuable to the collectors. When the demand outweighs the supply, it results in an increase in price and value. To conclude, it can be said that rubbish has value in a consumer society. Although generally viewed negatively, it does have value to a number of different people. Rubbish is valuable to people who work in the waste industry and gain profit or wages from it. Environmentalists’ value rubbish as it helps them to contribute to an environmentally friendly lifestyle by reusing and recycling. And people suffering in the economic downturn have found a new way to value rubbish, by selling it on and buying items second hand in order to save money, which consequently, saves on waste. Finally, Thompson suggests that rubbish can be re-valued as items move from the transient category via rubbish, into the durable category where its value rises again.

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

Religion And Discrimination :: essays research papers

Religion and Discrimination   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One might take the view that society should be tolerant to any religion so long as it conforms to our laws and written constitution. At first glance, this statement seems as fit an answer as possible to the question of societal limits to religious tolerance. Unofrtunately, if one were to consider the matter with more caution, one would eventually see that the statement could only be part of a greater answer. It is without a consideration of some of the elements which constitute cults, as well as other factors, that one would falter in devising a definitive answer to the question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain followings or ‘faiths' which claim to be religions that are prevalent today are, in actuality, forms of cults. Although most of the practices and elements common to cults are legal, they are, at best, suspect. The following should constitute the line of telerance society should not cross.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Firstly, what distinguishes cults from religions is the manner in which they operate. Cults are designed with a view of insulating the individual from the rest of society. Once a member of a cult, in most cases, the individual is removed of most (if not all) of their personal autonomy. Most decisions are made by the cult leader, access to the outside world is often denied, and all information about the outside world is distorted by the leader. These types of operations should be intolerable by society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Second, there should be no tolerance for ‘religions' that espouse any form of sacrifice, be it human or animal. Although historically, these practices were more or less prevalent and accepted, there certainly is no place for them in modern times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, there should be a limit of religious tolerance with regards to the manner in which some display their beliefs. Individuals in society should not be subject toa ny violence or restriction of freedom as a consequence of someone else's beliefs. There have been numerous illustrations of this in the past. Individuals have blocked abotion clinics, have participated in violent demonstrations concerning one issue or another, ad infinitum. These types of religiously-fuelled practices have no place in, and should not be tolerated, in present day society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For some, the state has been seen to usurp the place of God on occasion. The fervent belief held by Jehovah's Witnesses, in assence, acts as the basis of their religious dissent. There have been certain areas of the law, which historically, have given rise to the conflict between the Canadian legal system and Jahovah's Witnesses. As a result of this conflict, a myriad of implications have arisen.

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

Employee perception on suggestion scheme Essay

Introduction:- Suggestion scheme is a formalized mechanism which encourages employees to contribute constructive ideas for improving the organisation in which they work. The overall aim is to gather, analyse and implement ideas in order to create results that have a positive impact on the business and/or deliver new value to customers. There are two approaches to the suggestion scheme * Traditional approach-which offers cash to their employees for the suggestions they provide. * Participative approach-continuous improvement in employee job profile through higher level of participation. SCREENING OF THE SUGGESTION Every suggestion is evaluated as per the criteria adaptability, creativity, originality and efforts, taken by the suggestor/employee. The amount of award is indicated with proper calculation and understanding of committee. If there is rejection then similar remark is indicated. Generally award is given when the suggestion is implemented. However if the suggestions are accepted and the course of implementation is longer, then interim award is given to the suggestor/employee to keep up his moral. In the same format other information regarding the implementing is indicated. A certificate is given to the suggestor/employee when the suggestion is accepted. This is signed by the chairman of the scheme or some top/ respectable person in the organization. In the good cultured company there is practice of giving a certificate of appreciation to the suggestor/employee even if it gets rejected. Often it carries good value to the suggestor/employee. It is more than money for some of them. Objective:- Primary objective:- * To understand employee suggestion scheme. Secondary objective:- * To analyse effective implementation of suggestions availed by employees. * To interpret initialisation in the part of management in processing the provided suggestions. * To measure employee-superior relationship and support. * To integrate creativity and constructive aptitude and attitude in non-personnel employees. * To set up a management infrastructure to generate ideas, evaluate and capture quality ideas and sustain constant flow of ideas.

Monday, January 6, 2020

Energy Drinks Banned for Individuals Under 18 - 1549 Words

The Dangers of Energy Drinks and Our Youth Imagine being the mother of a young fourteen year old son. During one of his basketball games, he is pumped and showcases real talent on the court. He is on fire the first three quarters of the game. Suddenly you begin to recognize an odd shift in his performance. He looks flushed, his pace slows down, and his movement begins to appear sluggish. Suddenly, while running up the court, he crashes to his knees, and nearly faints. What could be the culprit behind this unusual occurrence? A caffeine rush delivered from an energy drink that was ingested and responsible for inflecting a 160 milligram jolt of caffeine into the body of this young man. This is a true story about a middle school†¦show more content†¦(Huffington Post 2013) On these labels, they send out a message of advisory, and consumer responsibility. â€Å"Limit 3 cans per day. Not recommended for children, pregnant women, or people sensitive to caffeine.† (Huffington Post, 2013). Even though the manufactures of the â€Å"Monster† energy drink protests in its very own warning labels that they do not condone that children consume their product, they still have engaged in direct marketing towards minors. A lawyer named Dennis Herrera took the initiative to bring forth a lawsuit against â€Å"Monster† with claims of marketing specifically designed to captivate the interest of teens. For example, a social media network referred to as the â€Å"Monster Army†, was created. Here, young teens are utilized as tools of endorsement. Representatives from the Monster Empire attend school functions and use them as a platform to carry out proficient product placement. Athletes that perform well during their games are offered a spotlight of recognition. The students are acknowledged, for their excellence, and photographed with four packs of 16 ounce cans of Monster drinks, and posted on the company’s social media site. (Huffington Post, 2013) There are several risk factors involved with the consumption of energy drinks. Some of the sideffects include heart palpitations, involuntary twitching of the muscles, the jitters, hyper activity, depression, restlessness,Show MoreRelatedVital Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Essay1632 Words   |  7 Pagesin the world† 1. While there have been several clinical studies on VPX products as a whole, which have helped back their product claims, the company have not tested all 39 products they manufacture. However there is enough base level research on individual ingredients found in the products that can help prove the legitimacy of product claims. This gives the impression of reputability to VPX; however, caution should still be used in carrying all of VPX products. 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